Intellectual and Developmental Disability Research: Success Through Inclusion and Equity.

"Toward Equity in Research on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities" (IDD) is a timely and comprehensive article highlighting gaps in the "dominant culture" approach to current research strategies designed to address IDD. Recentering systems involved in the research enterprise are recommended. This commentary provides additional guidance from a social justice, equity, and inclusion lens, including a clinical anthropology approach to research.

The impact of neighborhoods and friendships on interracial anxiety among medical students and residents: A report from the medical student CHANGES study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the experience of interracial anxiety among health professionals and how it may affect the quality of their interactions with patients from racially marginalized populations. We explored the influence of prior interracial exposure-specifically through childhood neighborhoods, college student bodies, and friend groups-on interracial anxiety among medical students and residents. We also examined whether levels of interracial anxiety change from medical school through residency. DATA SOURCE: Web-based longitudinal survey data from the Medical Student Cognitive Habits and Growth Evaluation Study. STUDY DESIGN: We used a retrospective longitudinal design with four observations for each trainee. The study population consisted of non-Black US medical trainees surveyed in their 1st and 4th years of medical school and 2nd and 3rd years of residency. Mixed effects longitudinal models were used to assess predictors of interracial anxiety and assess changes in interracial anxiety scores over time. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In total, 3155 non-Black medical trainees were followed for 7 years. Seventy-eight percent grew up in predominantly White neighborhoods. Living in predominantly White neighborhoods and having less racially diverse friends were associated with higher levels of interracial anxiety among medical trainees. Trainees' interracial anxiety scores did not substantially change over time; interracial anxiety was highest in the 1st year of medical school, lowest in the 4th year, and increased slightly during residency. CONCLUSIONS: Neighborhood and friend group composition had independent effects on interracial anxiety, indicating that premedical racial socialization may affect medical trainees' preparedness to interact effectively with diverse patient populations. Additionally, the lack of substantial change in interracial anxiety throughout medical training suggests the importance of providing curricular tools and structure (e.g., instituting interracial cooperative learning activities) to foster the development of healthy interracial relationships.

Hospitalization and Mortality for Insured Patients in the United States with COVID-19 with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuropsychiatric condition that may be associated with negative health outcomes. This retrospective cohort study reveals the odds of hospitalization and mortality based on ASD for a population of insured patients with COVID-19. The odds of hospitalization and mortality for people with ASD were found to be greater than individuals without ASD when adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. Hospitalization and mortality was associated with a dose-response increase to comorbidity counts (1 to 5+). Odds of mortality remained greater for those with ASD when adjusting for comorbid health conditions. ASD is a risk factor for COVID-19 mortality. Comorbid health conditions play a particular role in increasing the odds of COVID-19 related hospitalization and death for ASD patients.

Success of Maternal and Child Health Pipeline Training Programs: Alumni Survey Results.

INTRODUCTION: The Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Pipeline Training Program, promotes development of a diverse health workforce by training undergraduate students from underrepresented minorities. We aimed to evaluate the success of this program based on three domains: (1) demographic characteristics, (2) academic and career development, and (3) attitudes towards the field of MCH and the training programs among graduates. METHODS: Three domains of success were determined through a collaborative effort between current program directors and the funding agency project officers. The survey with questions related to the three domains was distributed via an online platform to graduates from seven sites (one former site and six current sites). Data were analyzed and presented utilizing descriptive statistics. RESULTS: The survey was distributed to 550 graduates, 162 responded (37% response rate). Demographically, 78% were female, 54% were Black/African American, 22% were Latinx and 83% did not report any disability. Eighty percent of respondents applied to graduate/professional schools, 67% received admission. Graduates often continued to work in MCH fields (70%). Majority felt confident and knowledgeable in the field (89%) and agreed the faculty were supportive at their training sites (90%). CONCLUSION: The study highlights successes in recruiting from underrepresented minorities, particularly Black/African Americans and first-time college goers in the family into the MCH Pipeline Training Programs. Programs were successful in furthering academic and career development for most trainees. Attitudes towards MCH and the training programs were overwhelmingly positive. Continued support of these programs is critical in addressing health disparities and achieving health equity.

HRSA-Funded MCH Pipeline Training Program: Advancing the MCH Pipeline and Workforce Through Research Collaborations.

PURPOSE: Presently, there are six undergraduate HRSA-funded MCH pipeline training programs (MCHPTP) in the nation and they have gained significant momentum since inception by recruiting, training and mentoring undergraduate students in a comprehensive MCH-focused approach. This article describes the outcomes from the 6 training programs; and primarily Baylor College of Medicine-Texas Southern University (BCM-TSU's) collaborative strategy focusing on the MCH research training and outcomes, which align with HRSA's MCH bureau's missions. DESCRIPTION: Each MCHPTP offers trainees interdisciplinary MCH research experiences through intra/inter-institutional collaborations and partnerships, but BCM-TSU's MCHPTP was the only one with the primary focus to be research. As a case study, the BCM-TSU Program developed an innovative research curriculum integrated with MCH Foundations Course that comprised 2 hour weekly meetings. Students were split into collaborative research groups of 4-5 students, with multidisciplinary peer-mentors, clinical fellows and MCH research faculty from institutions at the world-renowned Texas Medical Center. ASSESSMENT: Since the inception of the MCH mentorship programs, all six MCHPTPs have enrolled up to 1890 trainees and/or interns. BCM-TSU Program trainees are defined as undergraduate students in their 1st or 2nd year of college while research interns are upper classmen in their 3rd or 4th year of college. The case study showed that BCM-TSU Program trainees demonstrated outstanding accomplishments in the area of research through primary and co-authorships of 13 peer-reviewed journal publications by 78 trainees, over a period of 3 years, in addition to dozens of presentations at local, regional and national conferences. CONCLUSIONS: The research productivity of students in the six MCHPTPs is strongly indicative of the success of integrating MCH research mentoring into MCH didactic training. The development of a diverse and robust MCH mentorship program promotes and strengthens research activities in areas of high priority such as addressing health disparities in MCH morbidity and mortality in the U.S.

Cultural Protection from Polysubstance Use Among Native American Adolescents and Young Adults.

Reservation-based Native American youth are at disproportionate risk for high-risk substance use. The culture-as-treatment hypothesis suggests aspects of tribal culture can support prevention and healing in this context; however, the protective role of communal mastery and tribal identity have yet to be fully explored. The objectives of this study were to investigate (1) the relationship between cultural factors and high-risk substance use, which includes polysubstance use, early initiation of alcohol and illicit drugs, and binge drinking, and (2) substance use frequency and prevalence of various substances via cross-sectional design. Multiple logistic regression modeling was used to analyze data from 288 tribal members (15-24 years of age) residing on/near the Fort Peck Reservation in the Northern Plains. When controlling for childhood trauma and school attendance, having at least a high school education (OR = 0.434, p = 0.028), increased communal mastery (OR = 0.931, p = 0.007), and higher levels of tribal identity (OR = 0.579, p = 0.009) were significantly associated with lower odds of polysubstance use. Overall prevalence of polysubstance use was 50%, and binge drinking had the highest single substance prevalence (66%). Prevalence of early initiation of substances (≤ 14 years) was inhalants (70%), alcohol (61%), marijuana (74%), methamphetamine (23%), and prescription drug misuse (23%). Hydrocodone, an opioid, was the most frequently misused prescription drug. Findings indicate programs focused on promoting education engagement, communal mastery, and tribal identity may mitigate substance use for Native American adolescents living in high-risk, reservation-based settings.

MCH Pipeline Training Program: Connecting with Academia to Build Capacity Through Mentoring.

INTRODUCTION: Efforts to recruit and retain diverse Maternal and Child Health (MCH) professionals are of paramount public health significance. Culturally congruent mentorship strategies are key to supporting a successful transition from undergraduate to graduate studies. METHODS: This mixed-method study evaluated a culturally congruent mentorship training used by one of the MCH Pipeline Training programs and described mentorship practices and lessons learned from the six MCH Pipeline programs. A retrospective pre-test post-test survey assessed mentorship competency skills following a mentoring workshop. All MCH Pipeline program leaders completed a questionnaire to elicit responses about mentoring training practices, mentor evaluation strategies, and lessons learned. RESULTS: Maternal and Child Health Pipeline Training Programs supported 1890 undergraduate scholars at universities and institutions nationally. Scholars at six MCH Pipeline Programs participated in MCH education and mentored experiential leadership opportunities in clinical practice, research, and public health education. Qualitative program-level mentor survey themes indicated the importance of creating a reflective space and building mentorship teams. Mean mentor self-assessed improvement in mentor competencies was 14.4 points, 95% CI [10.5, 18.3], p < .001 following completion of a mentoring training workshop implemented by one of the MCH Pipeline programs. DISCUSSION: The Health Resources and Services Administration's Maternal and Child Health Bureau recognized the need to support the development of the next generation of diverse MCH leaders. Pipeline programs that included mentoring workshops and building culturally congruent mentorship teams are two strategies to increase and retain diverse scholars in graduate school and leaders in the public health workforce.

Success of Maternal and Child Health Pipeline Training Programs: Alumni Survey Results.

INTRODUCTION: The Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Pipeline Training Program, promotes development of a diverse health workforce by training undergraduate students from underrepresented minorities. We aimed to evaluate the success of this program based on three domains: (1) demographic characteristics, (2) academic and career development, and (3) attitudes towards the field of MCH and the training programs among graduates. METHODS: Three domains of success were determined through a collaborative effort between current program directors and the funding agency project officers. The survey with questions related to the three domains was distributed via an online platform to graduates from seven sites (one former site and six current sites). Data were analyzed and presented utilizing descriptive statistics. RESULTS: The survey was distributed to 550 graduates, 162 responded (37% response rate). Demographically, 78% were female, 54% were Black/African American, 22% were Latinx and 83% did not report any disability. Eighty percent of respondents applied to graduate/professional schools, 67% received admission. Graduates often continued to work in MCH fields (70%). Majority felt confident and knowledgeable in the field (89%) and agreed the faculty were supportive at their training sites (90%). CONCLUSION: The study highlights successes in recruiting from underrepresented minorities, particularly Black/African Americans and first-time college goers in the family into the MCH Pipeline Training Programs. Programs were successful in furthering academic and career development for most trainees. Attitudes towards MCH and the training programs were overwhelmingly positive. Continued support of these programs is critical in addressing health disparities and achieving health equity.

Operational Recommendations for Scarce Resource Allocation in a Public Health Crisis.

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic may require rationing of various medical resources if demand exceeds supply. Theoretical frameworks for resource allocation have provided much needed ethical guidance, but hospitals still need to address objective practicalities and legal vetting to operationalize scarce resource allocation schemata. To develop operational scarce resource allocation processes for public health catastrophes, including the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, five health systems in Maryland formed a consortium-with diverse expertise and representation-representing more than half of all hospitals in the state. Our efforts built on a prior statewide community engagement process that determined the values and moral reference points of citizens and health-care professionals regarding the allocation of ventilators during a public health catastrophe. Through a partnership of health systems, we developed a scarce resource allocation framework informed by citizens' values and by general expert consensus. Allocation schema for mechanical ventilators, ICU resources, blood components, novel therapeutics, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and renal replacement therapies were developed. Creating operational algorithms for each resource posed unique challenges; each resource's varying nature and underlying data on benefit prevented any single algorithm from being universally applicable. The development of scarce resource allocation processes must be iterative, legally vetted, and tested. We offer our processes to assist other regions that may be faced with the challenge of rationing health-care resources during public health catastrophes.

Partner Notification, Treatment, and Subsequent Condom Use After Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Implications for Dyadic Intervention With Urban Youth.

Research suggests that youth in urban communities often remain in the same sexual relationships after a pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) diagnosis. Utilizing data from the Technology Enhanced Community Health Nursing (TECH-N) study, we explored partner notification, treatment, and condom use after PID diagnosis. Outreach interviews assessed adherence to self-care behaviors, followed by interviews 3 months after diagnosis. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regressions evaluated baseline condom use versus 3 months after diagnosis as it relates to group and relationship status. Ninety-one percent reported partner notification, and of those notified, 90% reported partner treatment. Reports of condom use increased in both groups compared with baseline use. TECH-N participants were more likely to report condom use at last sex at 3 months compared with baseline. Given the open communication with partners about PID and partner-associated effects on condom use, exploring dyadic intervention to promote consistent, condom use after PID for youth in high STI (sexually transmitted infection) prevalence communities is required.

Establishing the foundation: Culturally congruent mentoring for research scholars and faculty from underrepresented populations.

This issue is a call for more culturally congruent mentorship training, support, and research on the effectiveness of mentoring strategies. The role of mentoring is fundamental to professional growth and success. Importantly, one size does not fit all. A repertoire of mentoring strategies and formats is necessary to include the talent, skills, and contributions of the next generation of diverse researchers in public health and biomedical sciences. It is incumbent on us now to grow a comprehensive knowledge base so we may best promote health and well-being for all citizens through innovative and effective strategies to support mentoring and research that eliminates health disparities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Mentoring the mentors of students from diverse backgrounds for research.

This article defines and discusses 6 beliefs, attitudes, and practices that can erode or undermine self-esteem and self confidence in student-scholars from underrepresented and marginalized groups in academic settings. Specifically, the beliefs and practices are reactions to implicit bias, color blindness, imposter syndrome, internalized racism, stereotype threat, and code-switching. Mentors need to know how to discuss these reactions because they can also influence the mentoring process and academic performance. To minimize incidents or interactions that might result in scholars not being able to find their place in these settings, recommendations for basic mentoring strategies and individual- and systemic-level approaches to address institutional racism are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Research accountability groups and mentoring minutes: The M³ approach to promote public health infectious diseases research for diverse graduate students.

Efforts to recruit and retain public health researchers should include scholars that reflect the demographics of the United States. Innovative research mentoring programs that integrate one-to-one and small group learning experiences may result in improved engagement and research productivity among graduate school scholars from underrepresented populations in public health research fields. This study analyzed leadership characteristics and research productivity of 54 graduate scholars who participated in the Dr. James A. Ferguson Emerging Infectious Diseases Fellowship Program (Ferguson Fellowship). Ferguson Fellows participated in 9-week research experience before and after implementation of a multimodal mentorship (M3) designed to support submission of research abstracts to national scientific conferences. M3 strategies included: (a) weekly research content mentoring, (b) myIDP, (c) professional development (process) mentoring, and (d) Research Accountability Groups. Overall, transformational leadership characteristics improved following completion of the Ferguson Fellowship (M = 3.71, SD = 6.37), t(33) = 3.39, p < .01. Transformational leadership characteristics of Ferguson Fellows who received M3 improved significantly (M = 3.88, SD = 6.63), t(24) = 2.93, p < .01 during the program. Fellows who received M3 had almost 4 times (OR = 3.88; 95% CI [1.21, 12.47], p < .05) higher odds of submitting research to scientific meetings compared to their peers who did not participate in M3. Providing process mentoring and research accountability groups were associated with increased research self-efficacy. Graduate scholars from underrepresented populations may benefit from multimodal mentoring strategies that provide scholars with individualized research and professional development support based on the scholar's needs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Reducing Preschool Behavior Problems in an Urban Mental Health Clinic: A Pragmatic, Non-Inferiority Trial.

OBJECTIVE: This pragmatic, randomized, non-inferiority trial compared the effectiveness and cost of group-based parent management training with mastery-based individual coaching parent management training in a low-income, predominantly African American sample. METHOD: Parents seeking treatment for their 2- to 5-year-old children's behavior problems in an urban fee-for-service child mental health clinic were randomized to the Chicago Parent Program (CPP; n = 81) or Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT; n = 80). Consent followed clinic intake and diagnostic assessment and parent management training was delivered by clinicians employed at the clinic. Primary outcome measures were externalizing child behavior problems, assessed at baseline and postintervention follow-up, using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and average per-participant treatment cost. RESULTS: Data from 158 parents were analyzed. Most were mothers (75.9%), African American (70.3%), and economically disadvantaged (98.7% Medicaid insured). Of children, 58.2% were boys, and mean age was 3.6 years (SD 1.03). Based on CBCL scores, behavior problems improved in the 2 conditions (Cohen d = 0.57 for CPP and 0.50 for PCIT). CPP was not inferior to PCIT (90% CI -1.58 to 4.22) at follow-up, even after controlling for differences in treatment length (90% CI -1.63 to 4.87). Average per-participant treatment cost was higher for PCIT (mean $2,151) than for CPP (mean $1,413, 95% CI -1,304 to -170). CONCLUSION: For parents of young children living in urban poverty, CPP is not inferior to PCIT for decreasing child behavior problems. CPP requires less time to complete and costs a third less than PCIT. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION: Early Parenting Intervention Comparison (EPIC); https://clinicaltrials.gov/; NCT01517867.

The Association between Caregiver Substance Abuse and Mental Health Problems and Outcomes for Trauma-Exposed Youth.

Trauma-exposed youth with impaired caregivers (i.e., due to substance use and/or mental health problems) may be at particular risk for negative outcomes. This study utilized data from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Core Data Set to examine the impact of caregiver impairment on youth outcomes. Trauma-exposed youth with an impaired caregiver due to either: substance use (n = 498), mental health problems (n = 231), or both substance use and mental health problems (n = 305) were compared to youth without a reported impaired caregiver (n = 2282) to determine if impaired caregiver status is independently associated with increased likelihood of negative behavioral and mental health outcomes and service utilization after accounting for demographics and exposure to traumatic events. Youth with impaired caregivers compared to those without were more likely to display PTSD, emotional and behavioral problems, suicidality, self-injury, and substance abuse and had higher rates of service utilization (p < 0.05). Differential patterns were observed based on the type of caregiver impairment. Findings support the importance of family-centered assessment and intervention approaches for youth affected by trauma.

Does Parent Training Format Affect Treatment Engagement? A Randomized Study of Families at Social Risk?

We examined whether parent engagement in parent training (PT) differed based on PT format (parent group-based with video versus mastery-based individual coaching with child) in an economically disadvantaged sample of families seeking behavioral treatment for their preschool children in an urban mental health clinic. Parents (N=159; 76.1% mothers, 69.8% African American, 73% low-income) were randomized to one of two interventions, Chicago Parent Program (parent group + video; CPP) or Parent Child Interaction Therapy (individualized mastery-based coaching; PCIT). Parent engagement indicators compared were PT attendance and completion rates, participation quality, and parent satisfaction. Risk factors predictive of PT attrition (parent depression, psychosocial adversity, child behavior problem severity, length of wait time to start PT) were also compared to determine whether they were more likely to affect engagement in one PT format versus the other. No significant differences were found in PT attendance or completion rates by format. Clinicians rated parents' engagement higher in PCIT than in CPP while satisfaction with PT was rated higher by parents in CPP compared to PCIT. Never attending PT was associated with more psychosocial adversity and externalizing behavior problems for CPP and with higher baseline depression for PCIT. Parents with more psychosocial adversities and higher baseline depression were less likely to complete PCIT. None of the risk factors differentiated CPP completers from non-completers. Delay to treatment start was longer for PCIT than CPP. Strengths and limitations of each PT format are discussed as they relate to the needs and realities of families living in urban poverty.

Understanding Barriers to Initial Treatment Engagement among Underserved Families Seeking Mental Health Services.

This mixed method study examined factors associated with parents not attending their child's mental health treatment after initially seeking help for their 2-5 year old child. It was part of a larger study comparing two evidence-based treatments among low-income racial/ethnic minority families seeking child mental health services. Of 123 parents who initiated mental health treatment (71% African American or multi-racial; 97.6% low-income), 36 (29.3%) never attended their child's first treatment session. Socio-demographic characteristics, parenting stress, depression, severity of child behavior problems, and length of treatment delay from intake to first scheduled treatment session were compared for families who did and did not attend their first treatment session. Parents who never attended their child's first treatment session were more likely to live with more than 4 adults and children (p=.007) and have more depressive symptoms (p=.003). Median length of treatment delay was 80 days (IQR =55) for those who attended and 85 days (IQR =67.5) for those who did not attend their child's first treatment session (p=.142). Three themes emerged from caregiver interviews: (a) expectations about the treatment, (b) delays in getting help, and (c) ambivalence about research participation. Findings suggest the need to develop better strategies for addressing risk factors early in the treatment process and reducing the length of time families with adverse psychosocial circumstances must wait for child mental health treatment.